Zecharia sitchin, p.1
Zecharia Sitchin, page 1
CONTENTS
1. The First Encounters
1
2. When Paradise Was Lost
29
3. The Three Who to Heaven Ascended
49
4. The Nefilim: Sex and Demigods
72
5. The Deluge
87
6. The Gates of Heaven
108
7. In Search of Immortality
131
8. Encounters in the GIGUNU
161
9. Visions from the Twilight Zone
185
10. Royal Dreams, Fateful Oracles
212
11. Angels and Other Emissaries
248
12. The Greatest Theophany
284
13. Prophets of an Unseen God
313
Endpaper: God, the Extraterrestrial
347
Index
381
1
THE FIRST ENCOUNTERS
Divine Encounters are the ultimate human experience—the
maximal, the utmost possible when alive, as when Moses
encountered the Lord upon Mount Sinai; and the final, termi-
nal, and conclusive, as that of Egyptian Pharaohs who at
death assumed an eternal Afterlife by joining the gods in
their Divine Abode.
The human experience of Divine Encounters as recorded
in scriptures and texts from the ancient Near East is a most
amazing and fascinating saga. It is a powerful drama that
spans Heaven and Earth, involving worship and devotion,
eternity and morality on the one hand, and love and sex,
jealousy and murder on the other; ascents unto space and
journeys to the Netherworld. A stage on which the actors are
gods and goddesses, angels and demigods, Earthlings and
androids; a drama expressed in prophecies and visions, in
dreams and omens and oracles and revelations. It is a story
of Man, separated from his Creator, seeking to restore a pri-
meval umbilical cord and, by so doing, reach for the stars.
Divine Encounters are the ultimate human experience per-
haps because they were also the very first human experience;
for when God created Man, Man met God at the very moment
of being created. We read in Genesis, the first book of the
Hebrew Bible, how the first human, "The Adam," was
brought into being:
And God said:
Let us make Man
in our image, after our likeness ...
1
2
DIVINE ENCOUNTERS
And God created the Adam in His image,
in the image of Elohim created He him.
We can only surmise that the newborn, at the moment
of being brought forth, was hardly aware of the nature and
significance of that first Divine Encounter. Nor, it appears,
was The Adam fully aware of an ensuing crucial encounter,
when the Lord God (in the creation version attributed to
Yahweh) decided to create a female mate for The Adam:
And Yahweh Elohim
caused a deep sleep to fall upon
the Adam, and he slept.
And he took one of his ribs
and closed up the flesh instead of it.
And Yahweh Elohim formed the rib
which He had taken from the Adam
into a woman.
The first man was thus deeply anesthetized during the pro-
ceedings, and therefore oblivious to this crucial Divine En-
counter in which the Lord Yahweh displayed his surgical
talents. But The Adam was soon informed of what had hap-
pened, for the Lord God "brought the woman unto the man"
and introduced her to him. The Bible then offers a few words
of commentary on why men and women become "one flesh'
as they marry and ends the tale with the observation that
both the man and his wife "were naked, but were not
ashamed." While the situation seemed not to bother the First
Matchmaker, why does the Bible imply otherwise? If the
other creatures roaming in the Garden of Eden, "the beasts
of the field and the fowl of the skies," were unclothed, what
on Earth should have caused (but did not) Adam and Eve to
be ashamed of being naked? Was it because the ones in
whose image the Adam was created were wearing clothing?
It is a point to be kept in mind—a clue, an inadvertent clue
provided by the Bible, regarding the identity of the Elohim.
No one after Adam and Eve could attain the experience of
being the first humans on Earth, with the attendant first Di-
vine Encounters. But what has ensued in the Garden of Eden
The First Encounters
3
has endured as part of human yearning unto our own days.
Even chosen Prophets must have longed to be so privileged,
for it was there, in the Garden of Eden, that God spoke
direcdy to the first human beings, instructing them regarding
their nourishment: They can eat of all the garden's fruits,
except the fruit of the Tree of Knowing.
The chain of events leading to the Expulsion from Paradise
raises a lasting question: How did Adam and Eve hear God—
how does God communicate with humans at such, or any,
Divine Encounters? Can the humans see the divine speaker,
or just hear the message? And how is the message con-
veyed—face-to-face? Telepathically? In a holographic vision?
Through the medium of dreams?
We shall examine the ancient evidence for the answers.
But as far as the events in the Garden of Eden are concerned,
the biblical text suggests a physical divine presence. The
place was not a human habitat; rather, it was a divine abode,
an orchard deliberately planted "in Eden, in the east," where
God "put the Adam whom He had fashioned" to serve as a
gardener, "to till it and to keep it."
It is in this garden that Adam and Eve, through the inter-
vention of the Divine Serpent, discover their sexuality after
eating of the fruit of the Tree of Knowing that "makes one
wise." Having eaten the forbidden fruit, "they knew that
they were naked, and they sewed fig leaves together and
made themselves aprons."
Now the Lord God—Yahweh Elohim in the Hebrew
Bible—enters the stage:
And they heard the sound of the Lord God
walking in the garden in the cool of the day;
And Adam and his wife hid themselves
from the presence of the Lord God
amongst the trees of the garden.
God is physically present in the Garden of Eden, and the
sound of his strolling about the garden can be heard by the
humans. Can they see the deity? The biblical narrative is
silent on the issue; it makes clear, however, that God can see
them—or, in this instance, was expecting to see them but
4
DIVINE ENCOUNTERS
could not because they were hiding. So God used his voice
to reach them: "And the Lord God called unto the Adam,
and said unto him: Where art thou?"
A dialogue (or more correctly a trialogue) ensues. The tale
raises many issues of great import. It suggests that The Adam
could talk from the very beginning; it brings up the question
of how—in what tongue—did God and Man converse. For
the moment let us just pursue the biblical tale: Adam's expla-
nation, that he hid on hearing God's approach "because I am
naked" leads to the questioning of the human pair by the
deity. In the full-scale conversation that follows the truth
comes out and the sin of eating the forbidden fruit is admitted
(though only after Adam and Eve blame the Serpent for the
deed). The Lord God then declares the punishment: me
woman shall bear children in pain, The Adam shall have to
toil for his food and earn his bread by the sweat of his brow.
By this time the encounter is clearly face-to-face, for now
the Lord God not only makes skin-coats for Adam and his
wife, but also clothes them with the coats. Although the tale
undoubtedly is intended to impress upon the reader the sig-
nificance of being clothed as a "divine" or major dividing
element between humans and beasts, the biblical passage can-
not be treated as only symbolical. It clearly lets us know that
in the beginning, when The Adam was in the Garden of
Eden, humans encountered their Creator face-to-face.
Now, unexpectedly, God gets worried. Speaking again to
unnamed colleagues, Yahweh Elohim expresses his concern
that "now that the Adam has become as one of us, to know
good and evil, what if he shall put forth his hand
take of the Tree of Life, and eat, and live forever?"
The shift of focus is so sudden that its significance has
been easily lost. Dealing with Man—his creation, procreation,
abode, and transgression—the Bible abruptly echoes the con-
cerns of the Lord. In the process, the almost-divine nature of
Man is highlighted once more. The decision to create The
Adam stems from a suggestion to fashion him "in the image
and after the likeness" of the divine creators. The resulting
being, the handiwork of the Elohim, is brought forth "in the
image of Elohim." And now, having eaten the fruit of Know-
ing, Man has become godlike in one more crucial respect.
The First Encounters
5
Looking at it from the viewpoint of the deity, "the Adam
has become as one of us" except for Immortality. And so
the other unnamed colleagues of Yahweh concur in the deci-
sion to expel Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden, plac-
ing Cherubim with a "revolving flaming sword" to block
the humans' way back if they ever tried.
Thus did Man's very Creator decree Man's mortality. But
Man, undaunted, has searched for immortality ever since
through the medium of Divine Encounters.
Is this yearning for Encounters based on a recollection of
real happenings, or an illusionary search based on mere
myths? How much of the biblical tales is fact, how much
fiction?
The diverse versions relating the creation of the first hu-
mans, and the alternating between a plural Elohim (deities)
and a single Yahweh as the creator(s), have been just one of
the indications that the editors or redactors of the Hebrew
Bible had in front of them some earlier texts dealing with
the subject. Indeed, chapter 5 of Genesis begins by stating
that its brief record of the generations that followed Adam is
based on "the Book of the Generations of Adam" (starting
from "the day Elohim had created Adam in the likeness of
Elohim"). Verse 14 in Numbers 21 refers to the Book of the
Wars of Yahweh. Joshua 10:13 refers the reader for more
details of miraculous events to the Book of Jashar, which is
also listed as a known source text in II Samuel 1:18. These
are but passing references to what must have been a much
more extensive trove of earlier texts.
The veracity of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)—be it
its tales of Creation, of the Deluge and Noah's Ark, of the
Patriarchs, of the Exodus—has come into doubting criticism
in the nineteenth century. Much of that skepticism and disbe-
lief has been muted and countered by archaeological discov-
eries that increasingly validated me biblical record and data
in an ever-receding order—from the near past to the earlier
times, carrying the corroboration farther and farther back
through historical times to prehistorical ones. From Egypt
and Nubia in Africa to the Hittite remains in Anatolia (to-
day's Turkey), from the Mediterranean coast and the islands
6
DIVINE ENCOUNTERS
of Crete and Cyprus in the east to the borders of India in the
west, and especially in the lands of the Fertile Crescent that
began in Mesopotamia (nowadays Iraq) and curved to em-
brace Canaan (today's Israel), as one ancient site after an-
other—many known previously only from the Bible—have
been uncovered, texts written on clay tablets or papyrus and
inscriptions carved on stone walls or monuments have resur-
rected the kingdoms, the kings, the events, the cities listed
in the Bible. Moreover, in many instances, such writings
found at sites such as Ras Shamra (the Canaanite Ugarit) or
more recently at Ebla have shown familiarity with the same
sources as those on which the Bible had relied. However,
unencumberd by the monotheistic constraints of the Hebrew
Bible, the writings of Israel's neighbors in the ancient Near
East spelled out the identities and names of the "us" of the
biblical Elohim. In doing so, such writings paint a panorama
of prehistoric times and raise the curtain on a fascinating
record of gods and humans in a series of varied Divine
Encounters.
Until the start of purposeful archaeological excavations in
Mesopotamia, "The Land Between the Rivers" (the Tigris
and Euphrates) some 150 years ago, the Old Testament was
the sole source of information on the Assyrian and Babylo-
nian empires, their great cities and haughty kings. As earlier
scholars pondered the veracity of the biblical data concerning
the existence of such empires three thousand years ago, their
credulity was stretched even more by the biblical assertion
that Kingship began even earlier, with a "mighty hunter by
the grace of Yaweh" called Nimrod, and that there had been
royal capitals (and thus an advanced civilization) in the dis-
tant past in "the Land of Shine'ar." This assertion was linked
to me even more incredible tale of the Tower of Babel (Gene-
sis chapter 11) when Mankind, using clay bricks, embarked
on the erection of a ' 'tower whose head can reach the heav-
ens." The place was a plain in the "Land of Shine'ar."
That "mythical" land has been found, its cities unearthed
by archaeologists, its language and texts deciphered thanks
to the knowledge of Hebrew and thus of its parent tongue,
Akkadian, its monuments and sculptures and artworks treas-
ured in major world museums. Nowadays we call the land
The First Encounters
7
Sumer; its people called it Shumer ("Land of the Guard-
ians"). It is to ancient Sumer that we have to go to under-
stand the biblical tale of Creation and the ancient Near
Eastern record of Divine Encounters; for it is there, in Sumer,
that the recording of those events began.
Sumer (the biblical Shine'ar) was the land where the first
known and fully documented civilization sprang up after the
Deluge, appearing suddenly and all at once some six thousand
years ago. It gave Humankind almost every "first" in all that
matters as integral components of a high civilization—not
just the first brickmaking (as mentioned above) and the first
kilns, but also the first high-rise temples and palaces, the first
priests and kings; the first wheel, the first kiln, the first medi-
cine and pharmacology; the first musicians and dancers, arti-
sans and craftsmen, merchants and caravaneers, law codes
and judges, weights and measures. The first astronomers and
observatories were there, and the first mathematicians. And
perhaps most important of all: it was there, as early as 3800
B.C., that writing began, making Sumer the land of the first
scribes who wrote down on clay tablets in the wedgelike
script ("cuneiform") the most astounding tales of gods and
humans (as this "Creation of Man" tablet, Fig. 1). Scholars
regard these ancient texts as myths. We, however, consider
them to be records of events that have essentially happened.
The archaelogists' spades not only verified the existence
of Shine'ar/Sumer. The finds also brought to light ancient
texts from Mesopotamia that paralleled the biblical tales of
Creation and the Deluge. In 1876 George Smith of the British
Museum, piecing together broken tablets found in the royal
library of Nineveh (the Assyrian capital), published The Chal-
dean Genesis and showed beyond doubt that the biblical tale
of Creation was first written down in Mesopotamia millennia
of years earlier.
In 1902 L.W. King, also of the British Museum, in his
book The Seven Tablets of Creation, published a fuller text,
in the Old Babylonian language, that required seven clay
tablets—so long and detailed it was. Known as the Epic of
